For the 67 second year students in the study at the university, the. Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators 1 running. Article information, pdf download for the development and concurrent validity of the. The forming storming norming performing model of group development was first proposed by bruce tuckman in 1965. Tuckman, 1991, a questionnaire that measures general levels of procrastination. Students scores on the tuckman procrastination scale tuckman, 1991 were used as an indication of their academic procrastination tendency. A total of 858 college students completed the tuckman procrastination scale, the academic selfefficacy scale, and the rosenberg selfesteem scale. On the internet, you can also find many selfhelp videos on how to overcome procrastination, such as this one. The statements included, i delay making tough decisions, and answers ranged from strongly disagree 1 to strongly agree 5. Procrastination scale lay, 1986 for student populations instructions. The sample consisted of 200 university students including 155 women and 45 men students from social and natural sciences departments. Every one of us puts things off now and then, but there are some of us who perpetually procrastinate at work and at home.
Reproductions supplied by edrs are the best that can be made. However, others have used more direct methods to measure procrastination. The scale consisted of 16 items on a 5point likerttype scale. Psychometric properties of the procrastination assessment. The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale. Pdf psychometric properties of tuckman procrastination. Pdf a stepwise validation procedure was carried out to translate and develop a turkish. The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale show all authors. Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators 4 on the other hand, the decisional, avoidant, arousal trichotomy of procrastination is also popular, first proposed by ferrari 1992b. Pdf development of an academic procrastination scale. The first part consists of 18 items measuring the level of procrastination in 6 academic domains. Procrastination quotient note that questions 2, 5, and 8 are scored in the opposite direction from the other items.
Find procrastination stock images in hd and millions of other royaltyfree stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the shutterstock collection. Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators 1. Professor tuckman was also an avid runner who wrote the novel long road to boston 1998. People may use the following statements to describe themselves. Give yourself one point for each mark in column 1, two points for each mark in column 2, three points for each. As shown in table 2, the main variables procrastination, participation, and performance were intercorrelated. Finally the development and validation of the academic. This study evaluated the factor structure and internal consistency of a new academic procrastination measure employing both the adaptive and maladaptive aspects of procrastination. Aug 31, 2016 procrastination is a common problem, but defining and measuring it has been subject to some debate. Procrastination, participation, and performance in online.
Note that the 3 on the scale is neutral the statement is neither characteristic nor uncharacteristic of you. Scoring the tuckman team maturity questionnaire electronically erin barkema1 and john w. Literature search, coding procedure, and analysis this metaanalysis updates a previous procrastination database. This article is published with open access at abstract procrastination refers to the delay or postponement of a task or decision. Tuckman procrastination scale tps tuckman, 1991 own translation. Psychological tests for student use york university. Procrastination the tuckman procrastination scale tps was developed to. Thousands of new, highquality pictures added every day. Validation of a french version of the pure procrastination. A factor analysis of the results yielded two factors that formed the basis for reducing the scale to 35 items with a. Among the most popular of the general measures of procrastination are the general procrastination scale gps, the adult inventory of procrastination aip, tuckman procrastination scale, and the decisional procrastination scale dps.
You may be able to cut and paste the pdf file for your use, deleting information such as the scoring key that should not be seen by the participants. One of the tuckman s major goals was to develop an easily adaptable selfreport instrument, which identifies academic procrastinators. In this model, performanceavoidance goals are specifically associated with task anxiety, fear of failure, and perhaps, lower grades. Tuckman naval medical research institute, bethesda, maryland 50 articles dealing with stages of group development over time are separated by group setting, as follows. Each item on the tps asks respondents to rate their tendencies to behave in a particular way according to a 5point likert scale ranging from strongly agree to. However, the tuckman 1991 procrastination scale is the most widelyused scale to identify academic procrastinators. An investigation of the impact of an intervention to. Generally, scores in the 5764 range are considered high, 5056 range moderate, and 3549 range low. Psychometric properties of the tuckman procrastination scale. The development and validation of the academic procrastination scale. To measure procrastination tendency, the 16item tuckman procrastination scale 1991 was used.
Each item on the tps asks respondents to rate their tendencies to behave in a particular way according to a 5point likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Paper given at the meeting of the american psychological association, new. Procrastination assessment scalestudent pass the pass was created by solomon and rothblum and includes 44 items in 2 parts. His scale general procrastination scale gps consists of 20 items. Overall results provided evidence for the validity and the reliability of the scale scores. Procrastination, participation, and performance in online learning environments. Procrastination tendency was measured as overall total. Measuring procrastination attitudinally and behaviorally. The scale also demonstrated good convergent validity, with moderate to large correlations with both the procrastination assessment scale students and the tuckman procrastination scale.
Psychometric properties of the tuckman procrastination. Further, taskavoidant behaviors, such as procrastination, have been linked to performanceavoidance goals and academic anxiety tuckman, 1991, 2002. The tuckman procrastination scale was developed to measure procrastination tendency on academically related tasks tuckman, 1991 and is widely used ferrari, et. The 14item scale had a onefactor solution as supported by subsequent confirmatory factor analysis. In a study, 1,418 participants were administered with tuckmans 16. He is best known for his five stages of group development, also known as the forming storming norming performing theory biography bruce tuckman. Feel free to use it for any research purpose or clinical purposes and adjust the scale length or. The alpha coefficient for the current sample was 0. The pure procrastination scale so you want to do our own research study on procrastination. To test this possibility, we examined passive and active procrastination in terms of temperament, character, and emotional intelligence ei, as well as by a shortterm longitudinal study. The result further reported that high tendency to procrastinate would lead to a lower.
Nevertheless, the tuckman 1991 procrastination scale is used as the foremost. The tuckman procrastination scale is used as the foremost academic procrastination scale in procrastination research. Pdf finally the development and validation of the academic. Procrastination has a negative impact on performance and is associated with poorer mental health. The current study examined these scales as compared to a new scale, the academic procrastination scale aps. As a distinct behavior, procrastination can be characterized in several ways. However, relative fit indices produced an opposite picture. Two items in the original scale loaded on a different factor and were removed from the measure. In 1991 tuckman researched and developed a 32item procrastination scale that measured the degree to which a person procrastinated. The unintentional procrastination scale springerlink. He is concerned with exploring the links between motivational factors and school. The academic procrastination scale 2 2 scale can then be employed to further our understanding of this important. This article is published with open access at abstract procrastination. A total of 858 college students completed the tuckman procrastination scale, the.
Background while passive procrastination is usually associated with distress and dysfunction active procrastination may be an effective coping style. The impact of academic procrastination am academic performance on academic achievement amongst undergraduate students at a local university by lili sandhora mohd kasim thesis submitted to othman yeop abdullah graduate school of business universiti utara malaysia in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the master of human resource management. Recent research has suggested that procrastination could be delineated into two domains. Construct validity of active procrastination 1 the construct validity of active procrastination. In this sense procrastination isnt the behaviors done or not done, but is a behavior unto itself. University of texas at arlington dissertation template. Procrastination and depression research on procrastination procrastination humor. Structured procrastination john perry i have been intending to write this essay for months. For this study, my life was modified to my university life inorder to direct the student focus on university life. Note that the 3 on the scale is neutral the statement is neither characteristic nor. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. The tests are available as a portable document format pdf file or a word 2002 file click on the type of file that you would like to use. Two hundred fifty college students responded to a 150item initial.
He is best known for his five stages of group development, also known as the forming storming norming performing theory. Construction of the unintentional procrastination scale. It comprises 16 statements, four of which are reverse scored. Procrastination refers to the delay or postponement of a task or decision and is often conceptualised as a failure of selfregulation. Relationship between academic procrastination and self. In the above video, the following two reasons for procrastination are given. However, the tuckman 1991 procrastination scale is the most widely used scale to identify academic procrastinators. This paper summarizes results from students and employees n 2893 in finland, germany, italy, norway, poland, and sweden using the pure procrastination.
Scores on this scale can range from 16 to 64, with scores over 40 indicating higher levels of procrastination. Academic procrastination and course performance among. Pdf procrastination refers to the delay or postponement of a task or decision and is often conceptualised as a failure of selfregulation. A procrastination test to uncover procrastination patterns. An even shorter version of the pps 5 items focusing on irrational delay, corresponds well to the 9item irrational. The main goal of the current study was the development of a superior academic procrastination scale. A 72item likert scale was written and administered to 50 college juniors and seniors. Heres the scale you have been looking for, the irrational procrastination scale ips. American journal of psychological research volume 4, number 1 submitted. Reproductions supplied by edrs are the best that can be. Psychometric properties of tuckman procrastination scale in a turkish sample. The turkish version of the tuckman procrastination scale scores correlated nega. Implications of the results are discussed and recommendations for future work provided.
Strategies for learning questionnaire mslq, to investigate the re lationship of. More specifically, these results show that procrastination was negatively related to. In this twostudy paper, we aimed to develop a measure of unintentional procrastination named the unintentional procrastination scale or. In 1960 bruce tuckman obtained his bachelors degree bachelor b. Procrastination is a widespread phenomenon that affects everyones daytoday life and interferes with the clinical treatment of several psychopathological states. Numerous scales such as the lay 1986 general procrastination scale, the. The procrastination test helps identify procrastination hot spots that get in your way.
I often find myself performing tasks that i had intended to do days before. Active and passive procrastination in terms of temperament. Bruce tuckman biography, quotes, publications and books. If you think you may fall into this category, take this procrastination scale procrastination quiz and find out. Academic procrastination scale and the tuckman 1991 scale, as anticipated, were highly correlated r. Pdf on jan 1, 2015, justin mccloskey and others published finally.
A selfreport measure of procrastination tendencies was developed and tested by relating it to a behavioral measure of procrastination and to a selfreport measure of general efficacy. Feel free to use it for any research purpose or clinical purposes and adjust the scale length or anchors as you see fit. General procrastination scale international journal of medicine. Most of the research into the factors leading to procrastination have used selfreport inventories, such as the lays procrastination scale lay, 1986 and the tuckman procrastination scale tuckman, 2005, to determine the presence or extent of procrastination. The relationships between academic procrastination and. Pdf procrastination is defined as the act of putting off or delaying an action to a later time. Predictors of academic procrastination and university life. The relationship between academic procrastination and beliefs about effort and capability in high school students. Although limited in scope, the present research paves a way forward by examining the relationship between procrastination tendencies, participation, and performance in online learning environments. As such, it provides some interesting possibilities for improving online tutoring together with fruitful material for future research.
An investigation of the impact of an intervention to reduce. For each statement, decide whether the statement is uncharacteristic or characteristic of you using the following 5 point scale. General procrastination an overview sciencedirect topics. Each student in the sample completed the tuckman procrastination scale, which measures procrastination tendencies. Relationship between academic procrastination and selfesteem. Copy and paste this code to your psytoolkit account if you want to use the scale in your own online research project. If something is neither relevant nor meaningful to you personally, it may.
The turkish version of the tuckman procrastination scale scores correlated negatively with academic selfefficacy and selfesteem scores. The 16item tuckman procrastination scale tuckman, 1991. Educational and psychological measurement, 51, 473480. Pdf psychometric properties of the tuckman procrastination scale. Across the research literature over the past decade, it is recognized that procrastination is a form of selfregulation failure e.
We present a metaanalysis of 24 studies on procrastination interventions total k 44, n 1173 in order to find out 1 whether people can reduce their level of procrastination, and 2 if so, which type of intervention leads to the strongest reduction. Stress, worry, and feelings of guilt are common among those who procrastinate recurrently. Responses to tuckman s procrastination scale using frequencies 56 correlation analysis between academic procrastination, academic performance. But procrastination isnt necessarily the mere lack of doing something, it is something that is causing the procrastinator not to do it. If i dont understand something, ill usually wait until the night before a test to figure it. Pdf the validity exploration of general procrastination. Tuckman s scholarly interest focuses on motivation. Document resume ed 319 792 author tuckman, bruce w. Bruce tuckman 1938 is a scientist, consultant and professor emeritus of educational psychology at the ohio state university. Prevalence of academic procrastination and reasons for. Give yourself one point for each mark in column 1, two points for each mark in column 2, three points for each mark in column 3, four points for each mark in column 4.